Collarchat.com

Join Our Community
Collarchat.com

Home  Login  Search 

RE: "No Limits" S&M and the Stamford Experiment


View related threads: (in this forum | in all forums)

Logged in as: Guest
 
All Forums >> [Community Discussions] >> Dungeon of Political and Religious Discussion >> RE: "No Limits" S&M and the Stamford Experiment Page: <<   < prev  1 2 [3]
Login
Message << Older Topic   Newer Topic >>
RE: "No Limits" S&M and the Stamford Experiment - 12/16/2011 12:37:18 PM   
SailingBum


Posts: 3225
Joined: 12/10/2007
From: Sailin the stormy sea
Status: offline

quote:

ORIGINAL: kalikshama

quote:

For those of you that have not been in the military. It goes something like this. Right or wrong you follow orders or you might end up dead.


I was in the USAF post Vietnam so the concept of "unlawful orders" might have gotten more play than for those who served earlier. Also, I was in the Air Force.


I really don't get your point in either of your posts. The ONLY reason we tried the nazi and japs for war crimes is cuz we won the war. Had we lost our military leaders would have been convicted of wars CRIMES. So what your saying is the Secretary of Defense and Im sure the president Bush at the time <signed off of it> tells you it's OK to torture ppl you are gonna refuse that lawful order??? He is the President of our country agree with him or not on the issue it's still a lawful order. I find it hard to believe someone at your age is so naive.

Do the research us, Americans killed hundreds of thousands of innocent ppl during WW 2. And I'm NOT referring to the atomic bomb either. As a practical matter to the victors goes the spoils. You only have to look at the injustice of the American citizens of Japanese descent during WW 2. Basically we tossed em in jail and striped them of ALL of their civil liberties. The president of the U.S. took our Constitution and threw it out the window furthermore the morons in congress agreed. Was that "lawful"? Hell no! But alas they got the guns to enforce any injustice they see fit. I truly do fear my government. The ppl like the ACLU are on our side they do their best to keep the govt at bay.

BadOne

_____________________________

The beatings will continue until morale improves.

According to SwithNSpanky
We are all so very lucky to have you with us to impart your great wisdom.

(in reply to kalikshama)
Profile   Post #: 41
RE: "No Limits" S&M and the Stamford Experiment - 12/16/2011 3:36:48 PM   
kalikshama


Posts: 14805
Joined: 8/8/2010
Status: offline
quote:

So what your saying is the Secretary of Defense and Im sure the president Bush at the time <signed off of it> tells you it's OK to torture ppl you are gonna refuse that lawful order???


Under the Geneva Conventions, torture is NOT a lawful order and I would use that as a defense in a court martial rather than to be Army Pfc. Lynndie England, who sickens me.


(in reply to SailingBum)
Profile   Post #: 42
RE: "No Limits" S&M and the Stamford Experiment - 12/17/2011 12:55:22 AM   
SailingBum


Posts: 3225
Joined: 12/10/2007
From: Sailin the stormy sea
Status: offline
well first you would have to define torture. My best guess is putting a leash around someones neck hardly qualifies. If you would rather do 5 to 10 in the federal pen for refusing to put a leash around some dudes neck... You rock on. As you might have guessed I disagree with your logic and priorities.

Personally I think your just talking smack as you never know how you might react after seeing a couple of your friends killed or wounded. Put a leash around em my ass I'd vaporize em in a minute. But that's just me as I protect those that I care for. But you say naaa Ill do time in prison. To my way of thinking you are a coward.

You signed a contract to defend your country. You knew full well that you might be asked to lay down your life. But when it comes right down to it.... Yer like naaa Ill refuse the order.
Back in the nam some "friendly fire" would surly come your way

BadOne

_____________________________

The beatings will continue until morale improves.

According to SwithNSpanky
We are all so very lucky to have you with us to impart your great wisdom.

(in reply to kalikshama)
Profile   Post #: 43
RE: "No Limits" S&M and the Stamford Experiment - 12/17/2011 4:13:20 AM   
kalikshama


Posts: 14805
Joined: 8/8/2010
Status: offline
More graphic pictures are available; I chose not to post them.

Are you truly unfamiliar with this or do you support it?:

Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse

Beginning in 2004, human rights violations in the form of physical, psychological, and sexual abuse, including torture,[1][2][3] rape,[1][2] sodomy,[3] and homicide[4] of prisoners held in the Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq (also known as Baghdad Correctional Facility) came to public attention. These acts were committed by military police personnel of the United States Army together with additional US governmental agencies.[5]

Revealed in the Taguba Report, an initial criminal investigation by the United States Army Criminal Investigation Command had already been underway, where soldiers of the 320th Military Police Battalion had been charged under the Uniform Code of Military Justice with prisoner abuse. In 2004, articles describing the abuse, including pictures showing military personnel appearing to abuse prisoners, came to public attention, when a 60 Minutes II news report (April 28) and an article by Seymour M. Hersh in The New Yorker magazine (posted online on April 30 and published days later in the May 10 issue) reported the story.[6]

The United States Department of Defense removed seventeen soldiers and officers from duty, and eleven soldiers were charged with dereliction of duty, maltreatment, aggravated assault and battery. Between May 2004 and March 2006, eleven soldiers were convicted in courts martial, sentenced to military prison, and dishonorably discharged from service. Two soldiers, Specialist Charles Graner, and his former fiancée, Specialist Lynndie England, were sentenced to ten years and three years in prison, respectively, in trials ending on January 14, 2005 and September 26, 2005. The commanding officer of all Iraq detention facilities, Brigadier General Janis Karpinski, was reprimanded for dereliction of duty and then demoted to the rank of Colonel on May 5, 2005.

(in reply to SailingBum)
Profile   Post #: 44
RE: "No Limits" S&M and the Stamford Experiment - 12/17/2011 12:48:10 PM   
Wheldrake


Posts: 477
Status: offline
quote:

ORIGINAL: SailingBum

You signed a contract to defend your country. You knew full well that you might be asked to lay down your life. But when it comes right down to it.... Yer like naaa Ill refuse the order.
Back in the nam some "friendly fire" would surly come your way

And are you in favour of that way of doing things? If nothing else, being involved in Vietnam didn't work out so well for the US military. I wouldn't hold up that campaign as an example of how a military force should operate.

With that said, I don't think it's realistic to expect soldiers to always behave like Mother Teresa when they have a hated enemy in their power. Warfare is always going to involve a certain amount of brutality. But there's a middle ground between trying to prevent every tiny violation of the Geneva Conventions and expecting soldiers to just shut up and follow orders when some out-of-control commanding officer starts acting like Vlad the Impaler.

(in reply to SailingBum)
Profile   Post #: 45
RE: "No Limits" S&M and the Stamford Experiment - 12/17/2011 4:02:57 PM   
Casteele


Posts: 655
Joined: 12/10/2011
From: Near Sacramento, California, USA
Status: offline
quote:

ORIGINAL: SailingBum

well first you would have to define torture. My best guess is putting a leash around someones neck hardly qualifies. If you would rather do 5 to 10 in the federal pen for refusing to put a leash around some dudes neck... You rock on. As you might have guessed I disagree with your logic and priorities.

Personally I think your just talking smack as you never know how you might react after seeing a couple of your friends killed or wounded. Put a leash around em my ass I'd vaporize em in a minute. But that's just me as I protect those that I care for. But you say naaa Ill do time in prison. To my way of thinking you are a coward.

You signed a contract to defend your country. You knew full well that you might be asked to lay down your life. But when it comes right down to it.... Yer like naaa Ill refuse the order.
Back in the nam some "friendly fire" would surly come your way

BadOne


This doesn't make sense to me. I have not served in the military, and certainly have not been involved in any wars, but it does seem to me that there is a world of difference between shooting at anything that moves when there's gunfire and shelling going on all around you, and shooting a prisoner or civilian just because you felt like it and hated them in an otherwise secure and peaceful environment.

By what I read you saying to justify yourself, any Vietnamese person reading this is also perfectly justified to come to your home right now and put a bullet in your head, simply because you may have killed some of their friends during wartime. Does something about that kind of logic not strike you as wrong?

(in reply to SailingBum)
Profile   Post #: 46
RE: "No Limits" S&M and the Stamford Experiment - 12/19/2011 2:59:32 PM   
SailingBum


Posts: 3225
Joined: 12/10/2007
From: Sailin the stormy sea
Status: offline

quote:

ORIGINAL: Casteele

quote:

ORIGINAL: SailingBum

well first you would have to define torture. My best guess is putting a leash around someones neck hardly qualifies. If you would rather do 5 to 10 in the federal pen for refusing to put a leash around some dudes neck... You rock on. As you might have guessed I disagree with your logic and priorities.

Personally I think your just talking smack as you never know how you might react after seeing a couple of your friends killed or wounded. Put a leash around em my ass I'd vaporize em in a minute. But that's just me as I protect those that I care for. But you say naaa Ill do time in prison. To my way of thinking you are a coward.

You signed a contract to defend your country. You knew full well that you might be asked to lay down your life. But when it comes right down to it.... Yer like naaa Ill refuse the order.
Back in the nam some "friendly fire" would surly come your way

BadOne


This doesn't make sense to me. I have not served in the military, and certainly have not been involved in any wars, but it does seem to me that there is a world of difference between shooting at anything that moves when there's gunfire and shelling going on all around you, and shooting a prisoner or civilian just because you felt like it and hated them in an otherwise secure and peaceful environment.

By what I read you saying to justify yourself, any Vietnamese person reading this is also perfectly justified to come to your home right now and put a bullet in your head, simply because you may have killed some of their friends during wartime. Does something about that kind of logic not strike you as wrong?



Ya know you really shouldn't say anything when you are clueless. Safe environment in a war zone I really can't believe you typed that no one is really that stupid. Where 10 year old kids toss grenades into a bus load of GI in downtown Saigon. Where the hotels are surrounded by sand bags. Go get shot at and then come talk to me about a safe place in a war zone.



_____________________________

The beatings will continue until morale improves.

According to SwithNSpanky
We are all so very lucky to have you with us to impart your great wisdom.

(in reply to Casteele)
Profile   Post #: 47
RE: "No Limits" S&M and the Stamford Experiment - 12/19/2011 3:13:31 PM   
kalikshama


Posts: 14805
Joined: 8/8/2010
Status: offline
I interpreted "otherwise secure and peaceful environment" to mean mean my example of Abu Ghraib vs in the bush in Vietnam.

(in reply to SailingBum)
Profile   Post #: 48
RE: "No Limits" S&M and the Stamford Experiment - 12/19/2011 3:50:52 PM   
SailingBum


Posts: 3225
Joined: 12/10/2007
From: Sailin the stormy sea
Status: offline

quote:

ORIGINAL: Wheldrake

quote:

ORIGINAL: SailingBum

You signed a contract to defend your country. You knew full well that you might be asked to lay down your life. But when it comes right down to it.... Yer like naaa Ill refuse the order.
Back in the nam some "friendly fire" would surly come your way

And are you in favour of that way of doing things? If nothing else, being involved in Vietnam didn't work out so well for the US military. I wouldn't hold up that campaign as an example of how a military force should operate.

With that said, I don't think it's realistic to expect soldiers to always behave like Mother Teresa when they have a hated enemy in their power. Warfare is always going to involve a certain amount of brutality. But there's a middle ground between trying to prevent every tiny violation of the Geneva Conventions and expecting soldiers to just shut up and follow orders when some out-of-control commanding officer starts acting like Vlad the Impaler.



You really need to think through your asinine statements.

Uh OK You go tell that to the 59,000 plus families that lost a mother/father/brother/sister . Or better yet tell the guy who lost both arms who will NEVER hold his children that ya know your solider son/daughter were not good examples of the military.

What part of this don't you get. The asshole we elect set the policy....The only function of the military is to UPHOLD that said policy. So if the Sectary of Defense says it's OK to <using your term not mine> "torture prisoners". Guess fucking what. The assholes YOU elected said it's OK for me the solider to "torture" prisoners. Now in four more years you can elect someone who says it's not ok to torture prisoners. Meanwhile the solider is following orders.



Well when that out control CO happens to be the president of the U.S. Then what are you going to do ???? overthrow the government?

BadOne


_____________________________

The beatings will continue until morale improves.

According to SwithNSpanky
We are all so very lucky to have you with us to impart your great wisdom.

(in reply to Wheldrake)
Profile   Post #: 49
RE: "No Limits" S&M and the Stamford Experiment - 12/19/2011 3:57:42 PM   
SailingBum


Posts: 3225
Joined: 12/10/2007
From: Sailin the stormy sea
Status: offline

quote:

ORIGINAL: kalikshama

I interpreted "otherwise secure and peaceful environment" to mean mean my example of Abu Ghraib vs in the bush in Vietnam.



Oh yea that one ... The one that was shelled by the enemy and something like 300 prisoners escaped. yep that's a secure and peaceful place. You fucking ppl really have no clue. They were lobbing motor rounds nightly for years into the "green zone" supposedly the safest place over there. So pretty much every night your running to a bunker. Im getting that peaceful easy feeling right about now..

They don't call it a war zone for nuttin. Sheesh

BadOne

_____________________________

The beatings will continue until morale improves.

According to SwithNSpanky
We are all so very lucky to have you with us to impart your great wisdom.

(in reply to kalikshama)
Profile   Post #: 50
RE: "No Limits" S&M and the Stamford Experiment - 12/19/2011 6:37:45 PM   
SailingBum


Posts: 3225
Joined: 12/10/2007
From: Sailin the stormy sea
Status: offline
Furthermore If I have to trample a few "civil rights" to keep me or my buddy from getting killed in the next mortar attack ..I think it's pretty clear where I stand on this issue. Cuz it all comes down to survival of the fittest and self preservation.

BadOne

_____________________________

The beatings will continue until morale improves.

According to SwithNSpanky
We are all so very lucky to have you with us to impart your great wisdom.

(in reply to SailingBum)
Profile   Post #: 51
RE: "No Limits" S&M and the Stamford Experiment - 12/19/2011 8:38:04 PM   
Duskypearls


Posts: 3561
Joined: 8/21/2011
Status: offline

quote:

ORIGINAL: xssve

quote:

I therefore present you with this question, for debate: What is it, in our community, that allows us to engage in such behaviors, without descending into the same depths of barbarism? Do you credit the hypothetical code of honor that dominati and submissives are expected to cling to? Would you instead say that it is our self-awareness of the greater ramifications of the act? Is it simply that we police ourselves, and anyone who goes too far risks ostracism and censure from the greater community at large?
To some extent, yes, we are social animals and we require a certain degree of social approval, anybody who says different is seeking approval for being so independent - there are exceptions, psychopaths, etc., bu the average healthy human tends to observe some limits, it's really not binary, like most things it's a curve: on one end, you have extremes of conformity to some hypothetical standard of ideal behavior, "other directed", and really, these are the people you have to watch for the most part, because of their strict reliance on external controls, they tend to develop fewer internal controls, and will often do damn near anything an authority figure tells them to do, even extreme acts of violence up to and including genocide - google up Depleted Uranium Munitions to see the price of "patriotism", extreme centripetalism is often indistinguishable from psychopathy, as the Milgram experiment demonstrated.

On the other end of course you have non-conformity, "free thinking", which often includes a healthy dose of free thinking about sexuality, and it's every bit as traditional as any abstract ideal of "high culture", most of which was created by free thinkers to begin with - in order to create anything at all you have do something that has never been done, imitation is all well and good, but if nobody did anything but imitate, we'd still be swinging from the trees.

If cruelty is the norm, then cruelty can be expected, but it doesn't tend to last - even the excesses of Rome didn't extend far beyond the wall of Rome, although the legacy of that is still with us in less concentrated forms, and there is some suspicion that lead poisoning played some role even in the excess or Romans, i.e., brain damage.

But from a strictly evolutionary point of view, anything that drastically reduces the fitness of a given individual or group of individuals, has a cumulative negative effect on group fitness, and that sort of culture is inherently self limiting: i.e., it will tend to be less competitive, and will either fade out or be displaced by healthier cultures.

Having said that, there is nothing particularly unhealthy about wiiwd, ceterus parbus, sex is central to existence, practically every thing we do is about sex, the way we act, dress, etc., tha tgoes for everybody, vanilla or kinky, vanilla is just a way of advertising your hypothetical breeding potential - kinky just cuts out the middle man of conformity, and explores the conundrums of sexuality itself without all the hand wringing and waiting for god to smite you with lightning bolts.

If it's crippling you up or rendering you or someone else unfit to function economically, then might possibly have a problem, but that can go for a lot of things besides sex - otherwise, it is to be expected that despite the occasional intellectual forays into what "extreme" really means, for the most part, internal controls tend to mirror external ones, they just aren't as rigid, being that justice and ethical behavior is a dynamic, not a static thing, every situation is different, and even the legal system itself has evolved to reflect this: from a set of ironclad rules to set of more general principles that take address the spirit of the law, not just the letter.

It's not really the kink, it's the cruelty, the lack of empathy, and that affects everything, not just sex: it's a popular misconception that stems from Augustinian theology that sexual indulgence lead to a general moral decline, and that is notable given the constant attempts to redefine western culture as "Christian" (it's as Celtic as it is Christian), when in fact even the bible notes that the love of money, Mamonism, is a much more seriously corrupting influence, and even in Catholicism, lust is merely a venial sin, while pride is a mortal one.

So, guilt being the standard tool to enforce conformity to some abstract value system, of all things to feel guilty about, what you do with your hot little ass is really pretty low on the list if you're prioritizing things properly.


Well said!

(in reply to xssve)
Profile   Post #: 52
RE: "No Limits" S&M and the Stamford Experiment - 12/21/2011 10:18:26 AM   
SailingBum


Posts: 3225
Joined: 12/10/2007
From: Sailin the stormy sea
Status: offline
I do believe I was just discussing this. The killing of a solider cuz you don't like them during the war. We called it frag back in the day as in Im going to toss a fragmentation grenade at you. This happens a lot more than you might think. Here is the link http://www.usatoday.com/news/military/story/2011-12-21/us-soldiers-charged-afghanistan/52137542/1


BadOne

< Message edited by SailingBum -- 12/21/2011 10:19:21 AM >


_____________________________

The beatings will continue until morale improves.

According to SwithNSpanky
We are all so very lucky to have you with us to impart your great wisdom.

(in reply to Duskypearls)
Profile   Post #: 53
RE: "No Limits" S&M and the Stamford Experiment - 12/23/2011 5:28:04 AM   
Aswad


Posts: 9374
Joined: 4/4/2007
Status: offline
quote:

ORIGINAL: GotSteel

I think that emotionally caring about the person on the other end of the leash really changes things as well.


I think you're slightly off.

The key point, IMO, is that we are dealing with people as individuals, not as functions, groups or roles.

Doesn't matter much if you care, as long as what you're caring about is the role, rather than the person filling it. And, vice versa, if you've got a personal relationship with the other person, their role will not subconsciously 'licence' you to go far beyond the baseline (indeed, most who transition from vanilla to a strict powerdynamic will find it hard to do, and this is part of the reason for it).

That ain't Jenny, it's a two dollar whore, barely a step up from a tissue to wipe your cock with.

This ain't Tammy, it's your new toy, a fantasy ingredient, and she comes with a use-by date.

Ever wonder why some fantasies never seem to call for a person you know and fancy?

Some kinks specifically use this 'divorce' between the person and the role or function they play in the fantasy as a means of making some aspect of it work, or as the thing that makes it hot. Humiliation can play on it. Objectification certainly does. Wet sex is a kink not even requiring a dynamic. Reducing someone to a urinal, by contrast, is different from that. Role and function seperate the two in purpose and nature. What works for one, does not necessarily work for the other.

The serial killer with a kink, assuming s/he is not retarded or impaired, is probably closer than most think.

Resocialization and depersonalization are nice search terms to get started, IIRC.

Health,
al-Aswad.



_____________________________

"If God saw what any of us did that night, he didn't seem to mind.
From then on I knew: God doesn't make the world this way.
We do.
" -- Rorschack, Watchmen.


(in reply to GotSteel)
Profile   Post #: 54
RE: "No Limits" S&M and the Stamford Experiment - 12/23/2011 8:13:02 AM   
ChatteParfaitt


Posts: 6562
Joined: 3/22/2011
From: The t'aint of the Midwest -- Indiana
Status: offline
I'm coming late to this discussion, so let me first thank certain individuals for their input:

Kalikshama, as always excellent insight and thank you for the links.

Xssve, very well thought out post and one I agree with.

Missokyst, who can (almost) always bring a whole new perspective  to the discussion.

Muttling, thanks for the links.

SailingBum, b/c although I do not always agree with his responses, he  speaks very eloquently of his own personal experiences.

Aswad, another poster who always brings a fresh perspective.

As has been mentioned, it's not the people involved, it's the barrel (the situation). The principle of the Stamford Experiment created a situation that quickly escalated beyond his control, to the point where he was caught up in it and another subject (student ) had to be the one to intervene.

Does this mean the principle was inherently a bad person? Not more or less than any other human being, IMO. He was, however, placed in a bad barrel (situation), and acted accordingly.

The same with the military personnel in the prison, they were placed in a bad barrel. The same with the troops in Nam, another bad barrel.

So I will say again, it's the barrel, not the people.

How does this relate to a BDSM discussion? Because of conditioning, people tend to be attracted to those who create the "barrel" they are accustomed to. This doesn't make all situations where their is an imbalance of power bad. It does mean that anyone who undertakes such a position of power over another, however consensual it may be, needs to be well aware of how a power imbalance affects both parties, both dominant and submissive.

So, although I do not think all these types of relationships are abusive, I do think the potential to become abusive is very great. Reasons to have good mental health before pursuing this type of relationship, and to make sure your potential partner has good mental health as well.

The morality and good character end of this discussion I will leave to others.


_____________________________



(in reply to Suleiman)
Profile   Post #: 55
RE: "No Limits" S&M and the Stamford Experiment - 12/31/2011 11:16:03 AM   
Exidor


Posts: 135
Joined: 12/31/2011
Status: offline
The Stanford Prison Experiment was supposed to give information on what happens in a regimented, depersonalized power exchange situation. The results are widely used as "proof."

The test group was of extremely liberal, antiestablishment college students. They had a strong group definition of "the Man", as represented by the police, jail officials, etc. So they behaved like they (claimed to) believe the police would treat them in the same situation.

In other words, the entire experiment was seriously flawed from the start, by selecting a test group that was both homogeneous and aberrant.

(in reply to ChatteParfaitt)
Profile   Post #: 56
RE: "No Limits" S&M and the Stamford Experiment - 12/31/2011 5:46:50 PM   
kalikshama


Posts: 14805
Joined: 8/8/2010
Status: offline
quote:

The test group was of extremely liberal, antiestablishment college students.


Actually:

http://www.prisonexp.org/psychology/4

a local newspaper ad calling for volunteers in a study of the psychological effects of prison life. We wanted to see what the psychological effects were of becoming a prisoner or prison guard. To do this, we decided to set up a simulated prison and then carefully note the effects of this institution on the behavior of all those within its walls.

More than 70 applicants answered our ad and were given diagnostic interviews and personality tests to eliminate candidates with psychological problems, medical disabilities, or a history of crime or drug abuse. Ultimately, we were left with a sample of 24 college students from the U.S. and Canada who happened to be in the Stanford area and wanted to earn $15/day by participating in a study. On all dimensions that we were able to test or observe, they reacted normally.

Our study of prison life began, then, with an average group of healthy, intelligent, middle-class males. These boys were arbitrarily divided into two groups by a flip of the coin. Half were randomly assigned to be guards, the other to be prisoners. It is important to remember that at the beginning of our experiment there were no differences between boys assigned to be a prisoner and boys assigned to be a guard.

(in reply to Exidor)
Profile   Post #: 57
RE: "No Limits" S&M and the Stamford Experiment - 1/2/2012 8:03:10 AM   
xssve


Posts: 3589
Joined: 10/10/2009
Status: offline
If they were college students they were axiomatically, "extremely liberal, antiestablishment", I think that's the meme in the right wings current Stamford experiment.

Any ideology that attempts to dehumanize anyone categorically should raise red flags, I think that's the lesson of the Stamford experiment, which after all, was designed to explain the pychological pehenomena at work in the holocaust.

(in reply to kalikshama)
Profile   Post #: 58
Page:   <<   < prev  1 2 [3]
All Forums >> [Community Discussions] >> Dungeon of Political and Religious Discussion >> RE: "No Limits" S&M and the Stamford Experiment Page: <<   < prev  1 2 [3]
Jump to:





New Messages No New Messages
Hot Topic w/ New Messages Hot Topic w/o New Messages
Locked w/ New Messages Locked w/o New Messages
 Post New Thread
 Reply to Message
 Post New Poll
 Submit Vote
 Delete My Own Post
 Delete My Own Thread
 Rate Posts




Collarchat.com © 2024
Terms of Service Privacy Policy Spam Policy

0.148